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Tad Dallas, Andrew W Park, John M Drake
Predicting cryptic links in host-parasite networks
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4.1272 0 Td
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1.9106 0 Td
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4.8075 0 Td
(and)Tj
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1.4683 0 Td
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4.1556 0 Td
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2.0012 0 Td
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3.5489 0 Td
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2.3301 0 Td
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4.1556 0 Td
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1.7291 0 Td
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2.1089 0 Td
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3.4413 0 Td
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3.3222 0 Td
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5.4821 0 Td
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1.0375 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
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2.0693 0 Td
(Mexican)Tj
-32.893 -1.2983 Td
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2.6248 0 Td
(ecosystem.)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 501.3921 cm
BT
/F2 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Methods)Tj
/F0 1 Tf
0 -1.5023 Td
(A)Tj
0.8834 0 Td
(plug-in)Tj
3.1701 0 Td
(approach)Tj
4.3371 0 Td
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1.0441 0 Td
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4.9323 0 Td
(density)Tj
3.3496 0 Td
(estimation)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 466.3559 cm
BT
/F6 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(We)Tj
1.61 0 Td
(propose)Tj
3.4242 0 Td
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1.2019 0 Td
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3.9515 0 Td
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3.9118 0 Td
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4.2803 0 Td
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4.4447 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
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(density)Tj
3.1011 0 Td
(functions.)Tj
4.2122 0 Td
(We)Tj
1.6101 0 Td
(represent)Tj
3.9572 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(connections)Tj
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3.5262 0 Td
(hosts)Tj
2.2734 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
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3.685 0 Td
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1.0148 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(sparse)Tj
2.6929 0 Td
(bipartite)Tj
3.5999 0 Td
(graph)Tj
2.5342 0 Td
(\()Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
(,)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
1.525 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
(,)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0.9921 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
(\))Tj
1.1112 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
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2.6589 0 Td
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1.6611 0 Td
[()]TJ
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(\(host)Tj
2.2507 0 Td
(spe-)Tj
-34.8659 -1.3039 Td
(cies\))Tj
2.0239 0 Td
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1.7234 0 Td
[()]TJ
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(\(parasite)Tj
3.6566 0 Td
(species\))Tj
3.3279 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7235 0 Td
(edges)Tj
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2.4151 0 Td
[()]TJ
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(,)Tj
0.9864 0 Td
(such)Tj
2.0523 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.1962 0 Td
(edge)Tj
2.0523 0 Td
(connects)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
3.7473 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 481.7763 425.707 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 485.8582 427.3511 cm
BT
/F6 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(and)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
1.7234 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 508.5921 425.707 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 512.6173 427.3511 cm
BT
/F6 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(if)Tj
0.771 0 Td
(species)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
2.9877 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
0.4705 0 Td
(para-)Tj
-35.4894 -1.2982 Td
(sitizes)Tj
2.6078 0 Td
(species)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
2.9991 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
(.)Tj
0.7143 0 Td
(If)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(there)Tj
2.2677 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(edge)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(between)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
3.5263 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 378.085 412.7244 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 382.2803 414.3685 cm
BT
/F6 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(and)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
1.7291 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 405.0708 412.7244 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 406.9984 414.3685 cm
BT
/F6 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(,)Tj
0.4422 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3266 0 Td
(write)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
2.2677 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 451.6724 412.7244 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
(,)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 459.496 414.3685 cm
BT
/F6 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.7993 0 Td
(1)Tj
0.6917 0 Td
(whether)Tj
3.4809 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(edge)Tj
2.058 0 Td
(has)Tj
-34.4463 -1.2982 Td
(been)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(observed)Tj
3.7984 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0941 0 Td
(not;)Tj
1.8029 0 Td
(otherwise)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
4.0818 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 333.3543 399.685 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
(,)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 341.1212 401.3858 cm
BT
/F6 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.7993 0 Td
(0.)Tj
0.9241 0 Td
(Not)Tj
1.7575 0 Td
(all)Tj
1.1452 0 Td
(edges)Tj
2.4207 0 Td
(have)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
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2.1203 0 Td
(observed)Tj
3.7984 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(not)Tj
1.576 0 Td
(all)Tj
1.1452 0 Td
(possible)Tj
-33.5902 -1.3039 Td
(edges)Tj
2.4207 0 Td
(exist.)Tj
2.2621 0 Td
(Thus,)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
2.4718 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
0.7653 0 Td
(consists)Tj
3.3506 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0147 0 Td
(both)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(observed)Tj
3.7984 0 Td
(edges)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
2.4208 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 411.0803 392.8251 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 416.8062 388.3464 cm
BT
/F6 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(unobserved)Tj
4.8699 0 Td
(edges)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
2.4207 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 512.5039 392.8251 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 518.6267 388.3464 cm
BT
/F6 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(=)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0.7993 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F12 1 Tf
0 Tc
(n)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-0.004 Tc
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 542.6078 392.8251 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 548.2771 388.3464 cm
BT
/F6 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(and)Tj
-34.8262 -1.4286 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(itself)Tj
2.1033 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6577 0 Td
(subset)Tj
2.6985 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(possible)Tj
3.4072 0 Td
(edges)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
0 Tc
2.4831 0.2154 Td
(~)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-0.0623 -0.2154 Td
[()]TJ
/F12 1 Tf
0.9014 0 Td
()Tj
/F11 1 Tf
1.0488 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F12 1 Tf
1.0148 0 Td
()Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0.9921 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
-0.004 Tc
0.5726 0 Td
(.)Tj
0.4479 0 Td
(Attached)Tj
3.838 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0205 0 Td
(each)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(host)Tj
1.9162 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(parasite)Tj
3.3279 0 Td
(species)Tj
-33.4543 -1.2983 Td
(are)Tj
1.4457 0 Td
(vectors)Tj
3.0614 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(features)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
3.3448 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
0.7314 0 Td
(and)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
1.7291 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
(,)Tj
0.9184 0 Td
(respectively.)Tj
5.1137 0 Td
(Thus,)Tj
2.4718 0 Td
(edge)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(\()Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 429.6755 359.433 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 431.6598 361.0771 cm
BT
/F6 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(,)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0.4478 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 441.6377 359.433 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 443.5086 361.0771 cm
BT
/F6 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(\))Tj
0.5612 0 Td
(has)Tj
1.542 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(combined)Tj
4.2463 0 Td
(feature)Tj
2.9877 0 Td
(set)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-35.155 -1.2982 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 204.6614 346.3937 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
(,)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 212.4283 348.0944 cm
BT
/F6 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.7993 0 Td
(\()Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 228.9259 346.3937 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 230.9102 348.0944 cm
BT
/F6 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(,)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0.4422 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 240.0944 346.3937 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 242.022 348.0944 cm
BT
/F6 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(\).)Tj
-3.0047 -1.3039 Td
(To)Tj
1.338 0 Td
(identify)Tj
3.2994 0 Td
(cryptic)Tj
2.9764 0 Td
(links)Tj
2.1373 0 Td
(in)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
1.0374 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 325.3039 339.5338 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 329.2724 335.0551 cm
BT
/F6 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(,)Tj
0.4478 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3266 0 Td
(seek)Tj
1.9219 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(ranking)Tj
3.3506 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(edges)Tj
2.4207 0 Td
(according)Tj
4.1839 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(their)Tj
2.1089 0 Td
(probability.)Tj
-31.3849 -1.2982 Td
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1.7802 0 Td
(probability)Tj
4.5978 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(there)Tj
2.262 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(edge)Tj
2.0578 0 Td
(between)Tj
3.532 0 Td
(two)Tj
1.7064 0 Td
(vertices)Tj
3.2429 0 Td
(given)Tj
2.381 0 Td
(its)Tj
1.1452 0 Td
(feature)Tj
2.9877 0 Td
(set)Tj
1.304 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(written)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-31.6741 -1.2983 Td
[()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
(\()Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
1.5421 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.7993 0 Td
(1|)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
(\).)Tj
1.9843 0 Td
(From)Tj
2.4434 0 Td
(Bayes')Tj
2.6873 0 Td
(theorem,)Tj
3.8153 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3322 0 Td
(have)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0 Tc
-1.4173 -2.5285 Td
[()]TJ
/F12 1 Tf
0.5726 0 Td
()Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()]TJ
/F12 1 Tf
1.1225 0 Td
()Tj
/F13 1 Tf
1.0489 0 Td
(1)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
(j)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()]TJ
/F12 1 Tf
1.2585 0 Td
()Tj
0.6633 0 Td
()Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
389.0268 286.4693 m
444.1323 286.4693 l
444.1323 286.0724 l
389.0268 286.0724 l
f*
10 0 0 10 389.0267 290.6078 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 391.6913 288.0566 cm
BT
/F13 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 395.2062 290.6078 cm
BT
/F12 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()]TJ
/F12 1 Tf
0.8787 0 Td
()Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()]TJ
/F12 1 Tf
0.9524 0 Td
()Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()]TJ
/F12 1 Tf
1.1225 0 Td
()Tj
/F13 1 Tf
1.0488 0 Td
(1)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
()Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-2.7155 -1.3662 Td
[()]TJ
/F12 1 Tf
0.4365 0 Td
()Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()]TJ
/F12 1 Tf
0.8731 0 Td
()Tj
/F6 1 Tf
-0.004 Tc
-22.1157 -2.1544 Td
(where)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
2.6475 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 229.1527 253.7574 cm
BT
/F6 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 234.9354 255.4015 cm
BT
/F6 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(conditional)Tj
4.7905 0 Td
(probability)Tj
4.5978 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(feature)Tj
2.9877 0 Td
(set)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
1.3039 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 409.7196 253.7574 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
(,)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 417.4866 255.4015 cm
BT
/F6 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(given)Tj
2.381 0 Td
(that)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
1.7802 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 463.4078 253.7574 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
(,)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 471.2314 255.4015 cm
BT
/F6 1 Tf
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